Chapter 2. Speaking
Speaking: Overview
In this chapter, we will explore the development of speaking skills for ESL/EFL learners. This chapter starts with a scenario illustrating common struggles that language learners face when acquiring speaking proficiency to help you think and reflect on your own experiences. We will examine the building blocks that make up strong speaking skills and learn how to speak effortlessly and correctly, organize your ideas, expand your vocabulary and sentence structure, and adjust the language according to the listeners.
Scenario C: Finding the Words
Scenario Spotlight
2-1 Discussion
Instructions: Read Scenario C, think, and discuss with your classmates.
- What issues has Isabella had?
- Why do you think this is happening?
- What are some possible explanations for her confusion?
- Isabella believes that using complex academic phrases will improve her speech and she will sound more professional. Do you agree or disagree? Why?
- What strategies could Isabella use to become a better speaker?
Understanding Speaking Proficiency
Speaking proficiency in a second language involves the ability to communicate effectively and effortlessly in various situations. This proficiency can be analyzed through different aspects. One of the most comprehensive models is Skehan’s CAF model, which breaks down language proficiency into three key components: Fluency, Accuracy, and Complexity.
Fluency is the ability to speak smoothly for a period of time, without excessive pauses, hesitations, or repetitions. However, it is important to note that being fluent is not the same as being fast, nor does it involve the elimination of all pauses. In fact, well-placed pauses are essential for clarity. One key aspect of fluency is the use of thought groups, units of meaning separated by natural pauses. For example, “I like to eat apples / but not bananas / because they are too sweet.” The appropriate insertion of these pauses helps listeners follow the grammatical structure of what is being said, thus contributing to the natural flow and enhancing comprehension. Finally, fluency also depends on the ability to organize thoughts effectively and easily express ideas, allowing for smooth and coherent communication.
Accuracy is the ability to use correct and appropriate components of language, such as grammar and pronunciation, to convey meaning. In terms of grammar, accuracy involves using proper sentence structures, verb tenses, and word choices to avoid confusion or misinterpretation. Pronunciation encompasses both segmentals (individual speech sounds) and suprasegmentals (stress, prominence, intonation), which are crucial for clear and effective communication. Using accurate language allows the listeners to correctly receive, interpret, and understand the message.
Complexity refers to the use of diverse vocabulary, grammar, and sentence structures appropriately for different contexts. In professional and academic settings, using a variety of sentence structures, transitions, and precise vocabulary enhances clarity and sophistication. However, learners who are primarily exposed to complex academic language may struggle to adapt their speech for casual conversations with friends and colleagues. Effective communication requires adjusting language complexity based on the listener and the context, ensuring both clarity and engagement.
Scenario Resolution
In Scenario C, Isabella seems to be struggling with fluency and complexity. She says that she pauses often, searching for the right words and complex phrases that she uses in her writing. This results in slow and interrupted speech, making it difficult for listeners to follow her ideas. One contributing factor is her struggle with complexity. Isabella might be unaware or struggling to accept that academic writing and academic speech are different English registers with their own unique forms of complexity. Furthermore, Isabella might also have accepted the myth that equates sounding sophisticated and erudite with using unnecessarily complicated speech and superfluous details when instead it is often done by speaking simply and succinctly. To improve, her language should be adapted to the audience, organized logically, and flow naturally with effective transitions.
Glossary
- Artificial Intelligence (AI) tools: Software programs designed to accomplish specific tasks using AI technology. AI tools can analyze data, identify patterns, and automate processes.
- Accuracy: The ability to use correct and appropriate language components, such as grammar, vocabulary, and pronunciation, to convey meaning.
- Fluency: The ability to speak smoothly and effortlessly, without excessive pauses, hesitations, or repetitions.
- Complexity: The ability to use varied language structures, including advanced grammar, diverse vocabulary, and sentence constructions appropriately to for different contexts.
- Impromptu Speaking: The ability to speak spontaneously and coherently on a given topic without prior preparation, demonstrating accuracy, fluency, and complexity in real-time communication.
- Small Talk: Casual conversation that helps make connections when meeting new people, and fill awkward silences with friends, acquaintances and colleagues, often involving light, non-controversial topics.
